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Greensboro massacre
The Greensboro massacre occurred on November 3, 1979 in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. Five protest marchers were shot and killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party at a rally organized by communists intended to demonstrate radical, even violent, opposition to the Klan.〔 The "Death to the Klan March" and protest was the culmination of attempts by the Communist Workers' Party to organize mostly black industrial workers in the area.〔
The marchers killed were: Sandi Smith,〔(Civil Rights Greensboro: Sandra Neely Smith ). Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.〕 a nurse and civil rights activist; Dr. James Waller,〔(Civil Rights Greensboro: James Michael Waller, Dr ). Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.〕 president of a local textile workers union who ceased medical practice to organize workers; Bill Sampson,〔(Civil Rights Greensboro: William Evan Sampson ). Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.〕 a graduate of the Harvard Divinity School; Cesar Cauce,〔(Civil Rights Greensboro: Cesar Cauce ). Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.〕 a Cuban immigrant who graduated ''magna cum laude'' from Duke University; and Dr. Michael Nathan,〔(Civil Rights Greensboro: Michael Ronald Nathan, Dr ). Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.〕 chief of pediatrics at Lincoln Community Health Center in Durham, North Carolina, a clinic that helped children from low-income families.
The two criminal trials against the Klansmen and the Nazi Party members led to all defendants being acquitted by all-white juries. However, a 1985 civil rights suit led by the Christic Institute and their lead attorneys, Lewis Pitts and Daniel Sheehan, together with People's Law Office attorney G. Flint Taylor and Durham, North Carolina, attorney Carolyn MacAllister, resulted in one of the few decisions in a Southern court to date against law enforcement officials accused of collusion with Klan violence. In addition, the survivors won a $350,000 judgment against the city, the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party for violating the civil rights of the demonstrators. However, only one plaintiff, Marty Nathan, received her payment.〔(Civil Rights Greensboro: Greensboro Massacre ). Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.〕
==Rally==
Hostility between the groups flared in July 1979, when protesters in China Grove, North Carolina disrupted a screening of ''The Birth of a Nation'', a 1915 cinematographic portrayal of the formation of the Ku Klux Klan. Taunts and inflammatory rhetoric were exchanged during the ensuing months. On November 3, 1979, a rally and march of industrial workers and Communists was planned in Greensboro against the Ku Klux Klan. The "Death to the Klan March" was to begin in a predominantly black housing project called Morningside Homes. Flyers distributed by the Communist Workers' Party for the event "called for radical, even violent opposition to the Klan".〔 One flier stated that the Klan “should be physically beaten and chased out of town. This is the only language they understand. Armed self-defense is the only defense."〔 Communist organizers publicly challenged the Klan to present themselves and "face the wrath of the people".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.ibiblio.org/prism/jan98/chron.html )〕 During the rally, a caravan of cars containing Klansmen and members of the American Nazi Party drove by the housing projects where the Communists and other anti-Klan activists were congregating. Several marchers began to attack the Klansmen's cars with picket sticks or by throwing rocks. They were also armed with handguns, which they fired during the conflict.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= https://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/topicalessays/GreensMassacre.aspx )〕 According to white supremacist Frazier Glenn Miller, the first shots were fired from a handgun by an anti-Klan demonstrator. It is not entirely clear who fired the first shot,〔 although witnesses reported Klansman Mark Sherer did so, into the air.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.greensborotrc.org/1979_sequence.pdf )〕 Klansmen and Nazis fired with shotguns, rifles and pistols. Cauce, Waller, and Sampson were killed at the scene, Smith was shot in the forehead when she peeked from her hiding place, and eleven others were wounded. One of them, Dr. Michael Nathan, later died from his wounds at a hospital. Most of the confrontation was filmed by four local news camera crews.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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